libigl_Martin/include/igl/xml/serialize_xml.cpp

// 
// Copyright (C) 2014 Christian Schüller <schuellchr@gmail.com>
// 
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License 
// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can 
// obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.

#include "serialize_xml.h"

namespace igl
{
  template <typename T>
  void serialize_xml(const T& obj,const std::string& filename)
  {
    serialize_xml(obj,"object",filename,0);
  }

  template <typename T>
  void serialize_xml(const T& obj,const std::string& objectName,const std::string& filename,bool binary,bool overwrite)
  {
    tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc = new tinyxml2::XMLDocument();

    if(overwrite)
    {
      // Check if file exists
      tinyxml2::XMLError error = doc->LoadFile(filename.c_str());
      if(error != tinyxml2::XML_NO_ERROR)
      {
        doc->Clear();
      }
    }

    tinyxml2::XMLElement* element = doc->FirstChildElement("serialization");
    if(element == NULL)
    {
      element = doc->NewElement("serialization");
      doc->InsertEndChild(element);
    }

    serialize_xml(obj,objectName,doc,element,binary);

    // Save
    tinyxml2::XMLError error = doc->SaveFile(filename.c_str());
    if(error != tinyxml2::XML_NO_ERROR)
    {
      doc->PrintError();
    }

    delete doc;
  }

  template <typename T>
  void serialize_xml(const T& obj,const std::string& objectName,tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,bool binary)
  {
    static_assert(detail_xml::is_serializable<T>::value,"'igl::serialize_xml': type is not serializable");

    std::string name(objectName);
    detail_xml::encodeXMLElementName(name);

    if(binary)
    {
      std::vector<char> buffer;
      serialize(obj,name,buffer);
      std::string data = detail_xml::base64_encode(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(buffer.data()),buffer.size());

      tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = detail_xml::getElement(doc,element,name);
      child->SetAttribute("binary",true);

      detail_xml::serialize(data,doc,element,name);
    }
    else
    {
      detail_xml::serialize(obj,doc,element,name);
    }
  }

  template <typename T>
  void deserialize_xml(T& obj,const std::string& filename)
  {
    deserialize_xml(obj,"object",filename);
  }

  template <typename T>
  void deserialize_xml(T& obj,const std::string& objectName,const std::string& filename)
  {
    tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc = new tinyxml2::XMLDocument();

    tinyxml2::XMLError error = doc->LoadFile(filename.c_str());
    if(error != tinyxml2::XML_NO_ERROR)
    {
      std::cerr << "File not found!" << std::endl;
      doc->PrintError();
      doc = NULL;
    }
    else
    {
      tinyxml2::XMLElement* element = doc->FirstChildElement("serialization");
      if(element == NULL)
      {
        std::cerr << "Name of object not found! Initialized with default value." << std::endl;
        obj = T();
      }
      else
      {
        deserialize_xml(obj,objectName,doc,element);
      }

      delete doc;
    }
  }

  template <typename T>
  inline void deserialize_xml(T& obj,const std::string& objectName,const tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,const tinyxml2::XMLElement* element)
  {
    static_assert(detail::is_serializable<T>::value,"'igl::deserialize_xml': type is not deserializable");

    std::string name(objectName);
    detail_xml::encodeXMLElementName(name);

    const tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = element->FirstChildElement(name.c_str());
    if(child != NULL)
    {
      bool isBinary = false;
      const tinyxml2::XMLAttribute* attr = child->FindAttribute("binary");
      if(attr != NULL)
      {
        std::string code;
        detail_xml::deserialize(code,doc,element,name);
        std::string decoded = detail_xml::base64_decode(code);

        std::vector<char> buffer;
        std::copy(decoded.c_str(),decoded.c_str()+decoded.length(),std::back_inserter(buffer));
        
        deserialize(obj,name,buffer);
      }
      else
      {
        detail_xml::deserialize(obj,doc,element,name);
      }
    }
  }

  namespace detail_xml
  {
    // fundamental types

    template <typename T>
    std::enable_if_t<std::is_fundamental<T>::value> serialize(const T& obj,tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = getElement(doc,element,name.c_str());
      child->SetAttribute("val",obj);
    }

    template <typename T>
    std::enable_if_t<std::is_fundamental<T>::value> deserialize(T& obj,const tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,const tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      const tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = element->FirstChildElement(name.c_str());
      if(child != NULL)
      {
        getAttribute(child->Attribute("val"),obj);
      }
      else
      {
        obj = T();
      }
    }

    // std::string

    void serialize(const std::string& obj,tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = getElement(doc,element,name.c_str());
      child->SetAttribute("val",obj.c_str());
    }

    void deserialize(std::string& obj,const tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,const tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      const tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = element->FirstChildElement(name.c_str());
      if(child != NULL)
      {
        getAttribute(child->Attribute("val"),obj);
      }
      else
      {
        obj = std::string("");
      }
    }

    // Serializable

    template <typename T>
    std::enable_if_t<std::is_base_of<XMLSerializable,T>::value> serialize(const T& obj,tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      // Serialize object implementing Serializable interface
      const XMLSerializable& object = dynamic_cast<const XMLSerializable&>(obj);

      tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = getElement(doc,element,name.c_str());
      object.Serialize(doc,child);
    }

    template <typename T>
    std::enable_if_t<std::is_base_of<XMLSerializable,T>::value> deserialize(T& obj,const tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,const tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      const tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = element->FirstChildElement(name.c_str());

      if(child != NULL)
      {
        obj.Deserialize(doc,child);
      }
      else
      {
        obj = T();
      }
    }

    // STL containers

    template <typename T1,typename T2>
    void serialize(const std::pair<T1,T2>& obj,tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      tinyxml2::XMLElement* pair = getElement(doc,element,name.c_str());
      serialize(obj.first,doc,pair,"first");
      serialize(obj.second,doc,pair,"second");
    }

    template <typename T1,typename T2>
    void deserialize(std::pair<T1,T2>& obj,const tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,const tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      const tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = element->FirstChildElement(name.c_str());
      if(child != NULL)
      {
        deserialize(obj.first,doc,child,"first");
        deserialize(obj.second,doc,child,"second");
      }
      else
      {
        obj.first = T1();
        obj.second = T2();
      }
    }

    template <typename T1,typename T2>
    void serialize(const std::vector<T1,T2>& obj,tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      tinyxml2::XMLElement* vector = getElement(doc,element,name.c_str());
      vector->SetAttribute("size",(unsigned int)obj.size());

      std::stringstream num;
      for(unsigned int i=0;i<obj.size();i++)
      {
        num.str("");
        num << "value" << i;
        serialize(obj[i],doc,vector,num.str());
      }
    }

    template <typename T1,typename T2>
    void deserialize(std::vector<T1,T2>& obj,const tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,const tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      obj.clear();

      const tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = element->FirstChildElement(name.c_str());
      if(child != NULL)
      {
        unsigned int size = child->UnsignedAttribute("size");
        obj.resize(size);

        std::stringstream num;
        for(unsigned int i=0;i<size;i++)
        {
          num.str("");
          num << "value" << i;

          deserialize(obj[i],doc,child,num.str());
        }
      }
      else
      {
        obj.clear();
      }
    }

    template <typename T>
    void serialize(const std::set<T>& obj,tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      tinyxml2::XMLElement* set = getElement(doc,element,name.c_str());
      set->SetAttribute("size",(unsigned int)obj.size());

      std::stringstream num;
      typename std::set<T>::iterator iter = obj.begin();
      for(int i=0;iter!=obj.end();iter++,i++)
      {
        num.str("");
        num << "value" << i;
        serialize((T)*iter,doc,set,num.str());
      }
    }

    template <typename T>
    void deserialize(std::set<T>& obj,const tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,const tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      obj.clear();

      const tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = element->FirstChildElement(name.c_str());
      if(child != NULL)
      {
        unsigned int size = child->UnsignedAttribute("size");

        std::stringstream num;
        typename std::set<T>::iterator iter = obj.begin();
        for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
        {
          num.str("");
          num << "value" << i;

          T val;
          deserialize(val,doc,child,num.str());
          obj.insert(val);
        }
      }
      else
      {
        obj.clear();
      }
    }

    template <typename T1,typename T2>
    void serialize(const std::map<T1,T2>& obj,tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      tinyxml2::XMLElement* map = getElement(doc,element,name.c_str());
      map->SetAttribute("size",(unsigned int)obj.size());

      std::stringstream num;
      typename std::map<T1,T2>::const_iterator iter = obj.cbegin();
      for(int i=0;iter!=obj.end();iter++,i++)
      {
        num.str("");
        num << "value" << i;
        serialize((std::pair<T1,T2>)*iter,doc,map,num.str());
      }
    }

    template <typename T1,typename T2>
    void deserialize(std::map<T1,T2>& obj,const tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,const tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      obj.clear();

      const tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = element->FirstChildElement(name.c_str());
      if(child != NULL)
      {
        unsigned int size = child->UnsignedAttribute("size");

        std::stringstream num;
        typename std::map<T1,T2>::iterator iter = obj.begin();
        for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
        {
          num.str("");
          num << "value" << i;

          std::pair<T1,T2> pair;
          deserialize(pair,doc,child,num.str());
          obj.insert(pair);
        }
      }
      else
      {
        obj.clear();
      }
    }

    // Eigen types
    template<typename T,int R,int C,int P,int MR,int MC>
    void serialize(const Eigen::Matrix<T,R,C,P,MR,MC>& obj,tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      tinyxml2::XMLElement* matrix = getElement(doc,element,name.c_str());

      const unsigned int rows = obj.rows();
      const unsigned int cols = obj.cols();

      matrix->SetAttribute("rows",rows);
      matrix->SetAttribute("cols",cols);

      char buffer[200];
      std::stringstream ms;
      ms << "\n";
      for(unsigned int r=0;r<rows;r++)
      {
        for(unsigned int c=0;c<cols;c++)
        {
          tinyxml2::XMLUtil::ToStr(obj(r,c),buffer,200);
          ms << buffer << ",";
        }
        ms << "\n";
      }

      std::string mString = ms.str();
      if(mString.size() > 1)
        mString[mString.size()-2] = '\0';

      matrix->SetAttribute("matrix",mString.c_str());
    }

    template<typename T,int R,int C,int P,int MR,int MC>
    void deserialize(Eigen::Matrix<T,R,C,P,MR,MC>& obj,const tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,const tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      const tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = element->FirstChildElement(name.c_str());
      bool initialized = false;
      if(child != NULL)
      {
        const unsigned int rows = child->UnsignedAttribute("rows");
        const unsigned int cols = child->UnsignedAttribute("cols");

        if(rows > 0 && cols > 0)
        {
          obj.resize(rows,cols);

          const tinyxml2::XMLAttribute* attribute = child->FindAttribute("matrix");
          if(attribute != NULL)
          {
            std::string matTemp;
            getAttribute(attribute->Value(),matTemp);

            std::string line,srows,scols;
            std::stringstream mats;
            mats << matTemp;

            int r=0;
            std::string val;
            // for each line
            getline(mats,line);
            while(getline(mats,line))
            {
              // get current line
              std::stringstream liness(line);

              for(unsigned int c=0;c<cols-1;c++)
              {
                // split line
                getline(liness,val,',');

                // push pack the data if any
                if(!val.empty())
                  getAttribute(val.c_str(),obj.coeffRef(r,c));
              }

              getline(liness,val);
              getAttribute(val.c_str(),obj.coeffRef(r,cols-1));

              r++;
            }
            initialized = true;
          }
        }
      }

      if(!initialized)
      {
        obj = Eigen::Matrix<T,R,C,P,MR,MC>();
      }
    }

    template<typename T,int P,typename I>
    void serialize(const Eigen::SparseMatrix<T,P,I>& obj,tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      tinyxml2::XMLElement* matrix = getElement(doc,element,name.c_str());

      const unsigned int rows = obj.rows();
      const unsigned int cols = obj.cols();

      matrix->SetAttribute("rows",rows);
      matrix->SetAttribute("cols",cols);

      char buffer[200];
      std::stringstream ms;
      ms << "\n";
      for(int k=0;k<obj.outerSize();++k)
      {
        for(typename Eigen::SparseMatrix<T,P,I>::InnerIterator it(obj,k);it;++it)
        {
          tinyxml2::XMLUtil::ToStr(it.value(),buffer,200);
          ms << it.row() << "," << it.col() << "," << buffer << "\n";
        }
      }

      std::string mString = ms.str();
      if(mString.size() > 0)
        mString[mString.size()-1] = '\0';

      matrix->SetAttribute("matrix",mString.c_str());
    }

    template<typename T,int P,typename I>
    void deserialize(Eigen::SparseMatrix<T,P,I>& obj,const tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,const tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      const tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = element->FirstChildElement(name.c_str());
      bool initialized = false;
      if(child != NULL)
      {
        const unsigned int rows = child->UnsignedAttribute("rows");
        const unsigned int cols = child->UnsignedAttribute("cols");

        if(rows > 0 && cols > 0)
        {
          obj.resize(rows,cols);
          obj.setZero();

          const tinyxml2::XMLAttribute* attribute = child->FindAttribute("matrix");
          if(attribute != NULL)
          {
            std::string matTemp;
            getAttribute(attribute->Value(),matTemp);

            std::string line,srows,scols;
            std::stringstream mats;
            mats << matTemp;

            std::vector<Eigen::Triplet<T,I> > triplets;
            int r=0;
            std::string val;

            // for each line
            getline(mats,line);
            while(getline(mats,line))
            {
              // get current line
              std::stringstream liness(line);

              // row
              getline(liness,val,',');
              int row = atoi(val.c_str());
              // col
              getline(liness,val,',');
              int col = atoi(val.c_str());
              // val
              getline(liness,val);
              T value;
              getAttribute(val.c_str(),value);

              triplets.push_back(Eigen::Triplet<T,I>(row,col,value));

              r++;
            }

            obj.setFromTriplets(triplets.begin(),triplets.end());
            initialized = true;
          }
        }
      }

      if(!initialized)
      {
        obj = Eigen::SparseMatrix<T,P,I>();
      }
    }

    // pointers

    template <typename T>
    std::enable_if_t<std::is_pointer<T>::value> serialize(const T& obj,tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      tinyxml2::XMLElement* pointer = getElement(doc,element,name.c_str());

      bool isNullPtr = (obj == NULL);

      pointer->SetAttribute("isNullPtr",isNullPtr);

      if(isNullPtr == false)
        detail_xml::serialize(*obj,doc,element,name);
    }

    template <typename T>
    std::enable_if_t<std::is_pointer<T>::value> deserialize(T& obj,const tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,const tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      const tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = element->FirstChildElement(name.c_str());
      if(child != NULL)
      {
        bool isNullPtr = child->BoolAttribute("isNullPtr");

        if(isNullPtr)
        {
          if(obj != NULL)
          {
            std::cout << "deserialization: possible memory leak for '" << typeid(obj).name() << "'" << std::endl;
            obj = NULL;
          }
        }
        else
        {
          if(obj != NULL)
            std::cout << "deserialization: possible memory leak for '" << typeid(obj).name() << "'" << std::endl;
          
          obj = new std::remove_pointer<T>::type();

          detail_xml::deserialize(*obj,doc,element,name);
        }
      }
    }

    // helper functions

    tinyxml2::XMLElement* getElement(tinyxml2::XMLDocument* doc,tinyxml2::XMLElement* element,const std::string& name)
    {
      tinyxml2::XMLElement* child = element->FirstChildElement(name.c_str());
      if(child == NULL)
      {
        child = doc->NewElement(name.c_str());
        element->InsertEndChild(child);
      }
      return child;
    }

    void getAttribute(const char* src,bool& dest)
    {
      tinyxml2::XMLUtil::ToBool(src,&dest);
    }

    void getAttribute(const char* src,char& dest)
    {
      dest = (char)atoi(src);
    }

    void getAttribute(const char* src,std::string& dest)
    {
      dest = src;
    }

    void getAttribute(const char* src,float& dest)
    {
      tinyxml2::XMLUtil::ToFloat(src,&dest);
    }

    void getAttribute(const char* src,double& dest)
    {
      tinyxml2::XMLUtil::ToDouble(src,&dest);
    }

    template<typename T>
    std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<T>::value && std::is_unsigned<T>::value> getAttribute(const char* src,T& dest)
    {
      unsigned int val;
      tinyxml2::XMLUtil::ToUnsigned(src,&val);
      dest = (T)val;
    }

    template<typename T>
    std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_unsigned<T>::value> getAttribute(const char* src,T& dest)
    {
      int val;
      tinyxml2::XMLUtil::ToInt(src,&val);
      dest = (T)val;
    }

    // tinyXML2 related stuff
    static const int numForbiddenChars = 8;
    static const char forbiddenChars[] ={' ','/','~','#','&','>','<','='};

    void replaceSubString(std::string& str,const std::string& search,const std::string& replace)
    {
      size_t pos = 0;
      while((pos = str.find(search,pos)) != std::string::npos)
      {
        str.replace(pos,search.length(),replace);
        pos += replace.length();
      }
    }

    void encodeXMLElementName(std::string& name)
    {
      // must not start with a digit
      if(isdigit(*name.begin()))
      {
        name = ":::" + name;
      }

      std::stringstream stream;
      for(int i=0;i<numForbiddenChars;i++)
      {
        std::string search;
        search = forbiddenChars[i];
        std::stringstream replaces;
        replaces << ":" << (int)forbiddenChars[i];
        std::string replace = replaces.str();

        replaceSubString(name,search,replace);
      }
    }

    void decodeXMLElementName(std::string& name)
    {
      if(name.find("::",0) == 0)
        name.replace(0,3,"");

      for(auto chr : forbiddenChars)
      {
        std::stringstream searchs;
        searchs << ":" << (int)chr;
        std::string search = searchs.str();
        std::string replace;
        replace = chr;

        replaceSubString(name,search,replace);
      }
    }

   /* Copyright(C) 2004-2008 René Nyffenegger

      This source code is provided 'as-is',without any express or implied
      warranty.In no event will the author be held liable for any damages
      arising from the use of this software.

      Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
      including commercial applications,and to alter it and redistribute it
      freely,subject to the following restrictions:

      1. The origin of this source code must not be misrepresented; you must not
      claim that you wrote the original source code.If you use this source code
      in a product,an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
      appreciated but is not required.

      2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such,and must not be
      misrepresented as being the original source code.

      3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.

      René Nyffenegger rene.nyffenegger@adp-gmbh.ch
      */

    static const std::string base64_chars =
      "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
      "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
      "0123456789+/";

    static inline bool is_base64(unsigned char c) {
      return (isalnum(c) || (c == '+') || (c == '/'));
    }

    std::string base64_encode(unsigned char const* bytes_to_encode,unsigned int in_len)
    {
      std::string ret;
      int i = 0;
      int j = 0;
      unsigned char char_array_3[3];
      unsigned char char_array_4[4];

      while(in_len--) {
        char_array_3[i++] = *(bytes_to_encode++);
        if(i == 3) {
          char_array_4[0] = (char_array_3[0] & 0xfc) >> 2;
          char_array_4[1] = ((char_array_3[0] & 0x03) << 4) + ((char_array_3[1] & 0xf0) >> 4);
          char_array_4[2] = ((char_array_3[1] & 0x0f) << 2) + ((char_array_3[2] & 0xc0) >> 6);
          char_array_4[3] = char_array_3[2] & 0x3f;

          for(i = 0; (i <4) ; i++)
            ret += base64_chars[char_array_4[i]];

          i = 0;
        }
      }

      if(i)
      {
        for(j = i; j < 3; j++)
          char_array_3[j] = '\0';

        char_array_4[0] = (char_array_3[0] & 0xfc) >> 2;
        char_array_4[1] = ((char_array_3[0] & 0x03) << 4) + ((char_array_3[1] & 0xf0) >> 4);
        char_array_4[2] = ((char_array_3[1] & 0x0f) << 2) + ((char_array_3[2] & 0xc0) >> 6);
        char_array_4[3] = char_array_3[2] & 0x3f;

        for(j = 0; (j < i + 1); j++)
          ret += base64_chars[char_array_4[j]];

        while((i++ < 3))
          ret += '=';
      }

      return ret;
    }

    std::string base64_decode(std::string const& encoded_string)
    {
      int in_len = encoded_string.size();
      int i = 0;
      int j = 0;
      int in_ = 0;
      unsigned char char_array_4[4],char_array_3[3];
      std::string ret;

      // construct fast lookup table
      // added by Christian Schüller (schuellc@inf.ethz.ch)
      int charLookup[200];
      for(int i=0;i<base64_chars.length();i++)
        charLookup[(int)base64_chars[i]] = i;

      while(in_len-- && (encoded_string[in_] != '=') && is_base64(encoded_string[in_])) {
        char_array_4[i++] = encoded_string[in_]; in_++;
        if(i ==4) {
          for(i = 0; i <4; i++)
            char_array_4[i] = charLookup[char_array_4[i]]; // new fast lookup
          //char_array_4[i] = base64_chars.find(char_array_4[i]); // original version

          char_array_3[0] = (char_array_4[0] << 2) + ((char_array_4[1] & 0x30) >> 4);
          char_array_3[1] = ((char_array_4[1] & 0xf) << 4) + ((char_array_4[2] & 0x3c) >> 2);
          char_array_3[2] = ((char_array_4[2] & 0x3) << 6) + char_array_4[3];

          for(i = 0; (i < 3); i++)
            ret += char_array_3[i];

          i = 0;
        }
      }

      if(i) {
        for(j = i; j <4; j++)
          char_array_4[j] = 0;

        for(j = 0; j <4; j++)
          char_array_4[j] = base64_chars.find(char_array_4[j]);

        char_array_3[0] = (char_array_4[0] << 2) + ((char_array_4[1] & 0x30) >> 4);
        char_array_3[1] = ((char_array_4[1] & 0xf) << 4) + ((char_array_4[2] & 0x3c) >> 2);
        char_array_3[2] = ((char_array_4[2] & 0x3) << 6) + char_array_4[3];

        for(j = 0; (j < i - 1);
          j++) ret += char_array_3[j];
      }

      return ret;
    }
  }
}